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Upper Rhine Plain
The Upper Rhine Plain, Rhine Rift Valley〔 or Upper Rhine Graben (German: ''Oberrheinische Tiefebene'', ''Oberrheinisches Tiefland'' or ''Oberrheingraben'', French: ''Vallée du Rhin'') is a major rift, about 350 km long and on average 50 km wide, between the cities of Frankfurt/Wiesbaden in the north and Basel in the south. Its southern section straddles the border between France and Germany. It forms part of the European Cenozoic Rift System, which extends across central Europe. The Upper Rhine Graben formed during the Oligocene as a response to the evolution of the Alps to the south and remains active to the present day. Today, the Rhine Rift Valley forms a downfaulted trough through which the River Rhine flows.
==Formation==
The Upper Rhine Plain was formed during the Early Cenozoic era, during the Late Eocene epoch. At this time, the Alpine Orogeny, the major mountain building event that was to produce the Alps, was in its early stages. The Alps were formed because the continents of Europe and Africa collided. It is thought that because the collision was irregular, the initial contact between the two continents resulted in the formation of dilational (extensional) structures in the foreland basin to the north of the Alps.〔Sengor, A.M.C. 1976. "Collision of irregular continental margins: Implications for foreland deformation of Alpine-type orogens", ''Geology'', 4, 779-782.〕 The result was substantial crustal thinning, forming a major extensional ''graben'' and causing isolated volcanic activity. The stretch factor is estimated to be ~2.
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